Assumptions of classical economic theory states that every company always choose the price that can generate the highest profits. This goal is known as profit maximization. In an era of global competition, increasingly complex conditions encountered and the more variables that affect the competitiveness of each company, making it impossible for a company to know the exact price level that can produce the maximum profit. Therefore, there are also companies that use the profit target, the appropriate rate of return or profit targets appropriately. There are two types of commonly used profit targets, margin targets and target the ROI (Return On Investment)
2. Destination Oriented Volume
In addition to profit-oriented goals, there are also companies that set prices based on goal-oriented to a specific volume or commonly known as volume pricing objective. Prices are set in such a way in order to achieve the target sales volume or market share. This goal is widely implemented by airlines.
3. The purpose Oriented Image
Image (image) of a company can be formed through pricing strategies. Companies can set a high price to establish or maintain the prestigious image. Meanwhile, the low price can be used to form the image of a certain value (image of value), for example by ensuring that the price is the lowest price in a given region. At the bottom of both high-and low pricing aims to improve consumer perceptions of the overall mix of products offered by the company.
4. Purpose of Price Stabilization
In a market where consumers are very sensitive to price, when a firm lowers its price, the competitors have to lower their prices as well. Such conditions establishing the goal of price stabilization in certain industries (eg petroleum). Stabilization goal by way of set prices to maintain a stable relationship between the price of a company and the price of industry leaders (industry leader).
5. Other objectives
Price can also be set with the aim of preventing the entry of competitors, maintain customer loyalty, repeat sales support, or to avoid government intervention. Pricing objectives above have important implications for corporate competitive strategy. Goals set must be consistent with the way in which the company in determining its relative position in the competition. For example, the selection of profit objective implies that the company will ignore the price of its competitors.
- Geographic segmentation
- Demographic segmentation
- Psychographic segmentation
- Geodemographic segmentation
- Behavioral segmentation
Location : Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Jawa, dll.
Size : small, medium, large.
Density : urban, sub-urban, rural.
Transportation network : mass transit, vehicular, pedestrian
Climate : Warm, cold
Type of commerce : tourist, local worker, resident
Retail establishment : downtown shopping district, Shopping mall
Media : local, regional, national
Competition : underdeveloped, saturated, hypercompetition
Growth pattern : stable, negative, positive
Cost of living : low, moderate, high
Personal Demographic Segmentation
AGE (child, teenager, young adult, adult, older adult)
Life cycle stage (Young, single, young married no children, young married with children, etc)
Gender (male, female)
Income (low, middle, high)
Occupation (Blue-collar, white-collar, professional, etc.)
Religion, Nationality
Generation (Belanda era, Jepang era, Gestok, etc.)
Multi Attribute Demographic Segmentation
Marketing Of Business
First, when starting the engine. Do not forget to press the brake when you hit the electric starter. This is to prevent seeda motor "jumps" suddenly because the first round of gas. We recommend using the rear brake so that the right hand holding the handle of the gas could be better.
Secondly, if used to using a bike with gears, gas regulation may not be smooth. Therefore, setting the gas between the motorcycle gear and motorcycle matic is different. Therefore, recognize the motorcycle gas matic arrangement. Some motorcycle matic has been fitted with security lock the rear brakes. This makes Speda motor moves when the pull of the gas reaches the point of rotation per minute (rpm) specific. Although impressed by the rather slow, its function is to maintain safety. Matic motorcycle Treat it gently, especially in the pull of the gas. The goal is to save fuel.
Third, the brake control. Conventional motorcycle rear brake actuated by foot. Meanwhile, matic motorcycle rear brake lever operated brake on the right. If speed is not too high when driving, motorists can use the rear brake only.
If a motorist driving at high speed, pull the rear brake and front brake simultaneously. However, do not pull the brakes hard. Matic motorcycle that stopped suddenly and was suddenly able to make the tires wear out faster. To anticipate the kecelekaan, you should practice to control the speed. For example, using the brakes on a curved road and the road to decline. You also control the pace of practice matic motorcycle on the road uphill to the more stable driving.
For some, the choice of driving a motorcycle so that practical, easy, and more affordable. When passing on the highway too, motorcycles valued more agile, nimble, and can avoid heavy traffic and jams. However, sometimes cunning and agility of bikers as they travel over the highway to make car drivers need extra vigilance. Here are some points to consider so that motorists drove safely on the highway alongside the bikers.
First, when a motorcycle ahead. Motorcyclists sometimes make sudden maneuvers without cues, like turning without turning on the turn signal. As a workaround, make sure you keep a distance with a motorcycle in front of you. The reason is, there is always a possibility pengedara motorcycle experience loss of balance or lowering the speed suddenly because sejumlha things. So, before overtaking, make sure the bikers are not in the middle of the road or indication will turn right. There's also a good idea to honk the horn when it will precede the bikers.
Second, when the motorcycle suddenly appeared. Sometimes motorists appear abruptly from the left the road and into the middle of the road. To anticipate the serempetan or losing control in a panic, motorists should be aware of each bend when crossing the road is straight.
Third, there are motorcycles that came from the opposite direction when you are overtaking another vehicle. Potential crash when in this condition is quite large, especially if the motorcyclist also was in the condition of overtaking another vehicle. So, in anticipation, calculation of space so pretty when you overtake a vehicle.
Fourth, the motorcycle in front of you stop suddenly or make the turn at once. This is often encountered on the highway. Moreover, if the traffic was dense. Motorcyclists are more likely to pass in between the cars. This condition will make you brake suddenly as well.
The solution, do the braking little by little with the distance between the vehicle in front and behind you. This gesture will make car drivers behind you are also more cautious. Do not forget to keep pace so that the car is not too rapid in progress.
First, when a motorcycle ahead. Motorcyclists sometimes make sudden maneuvers without cues, like turning without turning on the turn signal. As a workaround, make sure you keep a distance with a motorcycle in front of you. The reason is, there is always a possibility pengedara motorcycle experience loss of balance or lowering the speed suddenly because sejumlha things. So, before overtaking, make sure the bikers are not in the middle of the road or indication will turn right. There's also a good idea to honk the horn when it will precede the bikers.
Second, when the motorcycle suddenly appeared. Sometimes motorists appear abruptly from the left the road and into the middle of the road. To anticipate the serempetan or losing control in a panic, motorists should be aware of each bend when crossing the road is straight.
Third, there are motorcycles that came from the opposite direction when you are overtaking another vehicle. Potential crash when in this condition is quite large, especially if the motorcyclist also was in the condition of overtaking another vehicle. So, in anticipation, calculation of space so pretty when you overtake a vehicle.
Fourth, the motorcycle in front of you stop suddenly or make the turn at once. This is often encountered on the highway. Moreover, if the traffic was dense. Motorcyclists are more likely to pass in between the cars. This condition will make you brake suddenly as well.
The solution, do the braking little by little with the distance between the vehicle in front and behind you. This gesture will make car drivers behind you are also more cautious. Do not forget to keep pace so that the car is not too rapid in progress.
e-Business or Electronic business can be defined as an activity that relates directly or indirectly with the process of exchange of goods and / or services by utilizing the Internet as a medium of communication and transactions, and one of the applications of Internet technology that swept the world, internal business, surround systems, education customer, product development, and business development. Widely as a business process that relies on an automated system. At the present time, this is done mostly through web-based technology utilizing the internet service.
Types of e-Business
1. Business to Business (B2B)
2. Business to Customer (B2C)
3. Customer to Customer (C2C)
4. Customer to Business (C2B)
5. Business to government (B2G)
The benefits of e-Business
For a company or individual business:
1. shorten the distance
2. market expansion
3. Network expansion partner
4. cost control
5. efficient
6. Cash flow is assured
7. other benefits
For Consumers
1. effective
2. cost control
3. Physically safe
4. low price
5. flexible
For society at large
1. New job opportunities
2. competition vehicle
For the Academic
1. new challenges
2. The researchers were challenged to malekukan analysis of the shifting patterns of business
3. Opening a new framework in the sale of education services
The background of the establishment of e-Business
1. Consumer needs
2. Concerns or consumer awareness
3. Social, economic and demographic
Illusion present or future reality
1. Not to the formation of high-trust society
2. In general, product prices can not be bargained
3. Infrastructure is still inadequate
4. still very few human resources to understand and master the concepts and implementation of IT
5. Postal services still need improvement and enhancement
6. The existence of credit card crime
7. platform differences
8. still waiting
9. e-Business is still underestimated
10. Active consumer
11. Ethics and morality
Business steps in e-Business Systems
1. The company publishes a web page about its products to the public
2. Prospective buyers can choose the product and fill out electronic transactions with credit card numbers credit
3. After the payment process is completed, the goods will be sent by mail or other delivery services
E-Business Transactions
1. product selection
2. initialization purchase
3. request authorization
4. authorization
5. redemption requests
6. delivery of goods
Judging from the payment instrument can be grouped as follows:
1. Digital cash system (anonymous)
2. electronic check
3. Credit Card Electronic
4. Electronic funds transfer
Demands of customers who constantly must be considered
Factors driving change
- Customers only buy products that can be trusted
- The company insists the product image prima
- Increasingly shorter product life cycle
- Ask for the best customer service in any circumstances
- Customers only buy products that can be trusted
- The company insists the product image prima
- Increasingly shorter product life cycle
- Ask for the best customer service in any circumstances
Proactive steps manufacturers
- Understand what to do with either
- Establish value in service delivery
- Creating structures quality
- managing change
- Establish value in service delivery
- Creating structures quality
- managing change
The balance of resources
- Knowing the effective capacity of the service organesasi
- Noting the demand in the future
- Knowing the optimal point of resource availability
- Build flexibility of the system through its human resources services
- Noting the demand in the future
- Knowing the optimal point of resource availability
- Build flexibility of the system through its human resources services
Value of service delivery
- Focus attention on the details of the service; processes, procedures and other matters relating reply
- Analysis of the operation of the customer's perspective
- Forming a strong relationship of each service delivery chain
- Analysis of the operation of the customer's perspective
- Forming a strong relationship of each service delivery chain
flexibility of service
- Creativity anticipate the systems and procedures within the framework of service
- Customers more happy when you get the personal service
- Customer service can be surprised by unexpected
- Customers more happy when you get the personal service
- Customer service can be surprised by unexpected
Evaluation; dare ask
- Do customers really believe in us?- What differentiates us from competitors yag?
- How do we create more value with no excess charges
- How to maintain the intensity balance with the capacity of existing services
By : Akhmad Khusyairi, M. Eng
Coal is one of the strategic mineral resources as well as a huge energy. Indonesia in 2006 capable of producing coal at 162 million tons and 120 million tonnes of which is exported. Meanwhile, about 29 million tonnes is exported to Japan.
Indonesia has coal reserves are spread across the island of Borneo and Sumatra, while small amounts of coal in West Java, Central Java, Papua and Sulawesi. While the empirical formula for this type of bituminous coal is C137H97O9NS, whereas for anthracite is C240H90O4NS.
Coal Types
The type and quality of coal depends on the pressure, heat and time of formation of coal. Based on this, the coal can be grouped into 5 types of coal, such as anthracite, bituminous, sub bituminous, lignite and peat.
1. Anthracite is a type of coal quality, coal type has a characteristic metallic black color, contain the element carbon between 86% -98% and has a water content of less than 8%.
2. Bituminous coal with a quality second, this type of coal has a carbon content of 68% -86% and water content of between 8% -10%. Coal types are often found in Australia.
3. Sub-bituminous coal with a kind of third quality, this coal has a carbon content less characteristic and contain lots of water.
4. Merupupakan lignite coal with a quality fourth, coal has the cirri have this type of young brown color, very soft and has a water content of 35% -75%.
5. Peat is a kind of lowest-quality coal, coal has the cirri porous and moisture content above 75%.
While based on burning calories produced, coal grouped into three;
1. Very High Calorie Coal is coal that has a very high calorie burning results with the number of calories more than 7100 cal / g
2. High Calorie Coal is coal that has a calorie burning results between 6100-7100 cal / gr.
3. Low Calorie Coal is coal combustion products that have less calories than 5100 cal / gr.
Impact of Coal Mining
To meet domestic demand and exports, Indonesia has some coal mines scattered on the island of Sumatra and Borneo, both of which are operated by State-owned and private companies.
In 2006, Indonesia ranked second after Australia in the order of the State of export coal. Approximately 74% of Indonesian coal mining is the result of private enterprise, while it was the only state-owned coal mining PT Tambang Bukit Asam. Based on information Technology Research and Development Center for Mineral and Coal, 2006, most of the coal used for energy generation.
Coal mining caused some adverse impacts surrounding residents and the environment. If the surface of the coal-containing pyrite (iron sulfide, also called stupid gold) interacts with water and air it will form sulfuric acid. If there is rain in the mining area, the sulfuric acid will be moving along the waterways, and throughout the occurrence of rain in the area of the mine tailings the sulfuric acid production continues to occur, either during the mining operation or not. If the coal in open pit mine, which is open all layers interact with water and produce sulfuric acid, it will damage soil fertility and pecemaran river began to occur due to the high content of sulfuric acid, this might impact on the killing of fish in rivers, plants, and biota water is sensitive to pH changes drastically.
In addition, penambagan coal also produces methane gas, this gas has potential as a greenhouse gas. Contribution of methane gas caused by human activities, contributed by 10.5% in greenhouse gas emissions.
From the results of the panel between the State Government members of the UN on Climate Change, methane has a global warming potential 21 times greater than carbon dioxide over the last 100 years. If the coal power plant produces emissions of danger on the fuel, the coal mining process may generate hazardous gases. These harmful gases can pose a threat to mine workers and a source of air pollution. Besides coal mining damaging the existing vegetation, destroys the genetic soil profile, replacing the genetic profile of the soil, destroying wildlife and habitat, air quality degradation, changing land use and to some extent be altering the general topography of the mining area permanently.
source : nu.or.id
Indonesia has coal reserves are spread across the island of Borneo and Sumatra, while small amounts of coal in West Java, Central Java, Papua and Sulawesi. While the empirical formula for this type of bituminous coal is C137H97O9NS, whereas for anthracite is C240H90O4NS.
Coal Types
The type and quality of coal depends on the pressure, heat and time of formation of coal. Based on this, the coal can be grouped into 5 types of coal, such as anthracite, bituminous, sub bituminous, lignite and peat.
1. Anthracite is a type of coal quality, coal type has a characteristic metallic black color, contain the element carbon between 86% -98% and has a water content of less than 8%.
2. Bituminous coal with a quality second, this type of coal has a carbon content of 68% -86% and water content of between 8% -10%. Coal types are often found in Australia.
3. Sub-bituminous coal with a kind of third quality, this coal has a carbon content less characteristic and contain lots of water.
4. Merupupakan lignite coal with a quality fourth, coal has the cirri have this type of young brown color, very soft and has a water content of 35% -75%.
5. Peat is a kind of lowest-quality coal, coal has the cirri porous and moisture content above 75%.
While based on burning calories produced, coal grouped into three;
1. Very High Calorie Coal is coal that has a very high calorie burning results with the number of calories more than 7100 cal / g
2. High Calorie Coal is coal that has a calorie burning results between 6100-7100 cal / gr.
3. Low Calorie Coal is coal combustion products that have less calories than 5100 cal / gr.
Impact of Coal Mining
To meet domestic demand and exports, Indonesia has some coal mines scattered on the island of Sumatra and Borneo, both of which are operated by State-owned and private companies.
In 2006, Indonesia ranked second after Australia in the order of the State of export coal. Approximately 74% of Indonesian coal mining is the result of private enterprise, while it was the only state-owned coal mining PT Tambang Bukit Asam. Based on information Technology Research and Development Center for Mineral and Coal, 2006, most of the coal used for energy generation.
Coal mining caused some adverse impacts surrounding residents and the environment. If the surface of the coal-containing pyrite (iron sulfide, also called stupid gold) interacts with water and air it will form sulfuric acid. If there is rain in the mining area, the sulfuric acid will be moving along the waterways, and throughout the occurrence of rain in the area of the mine tailings the sulfuric acid production continues to occur, either during the mining operation or not. If the coal in open pit mine, which is open all layers interact with water and produce sulfuric acid, it will damage soil fertility and pecemaran river began to occur due to the high content of sulfuric acid, this might impact on the killing of fish in rivers, plants, and biota water is sensitive to pH changes drastically.
In addition, penambagan coal also produces methane gas, this gas has potential as a greenhouse gas. Contribution of methane gas caused by human activities, contributed by 10.5% in greenhouse gas emissions.
From the results of the panel between the State Government members of the UN on Climate Change, methane has a global warming potential 21 times greater than carbon dioxide over the last 100 years. If the coal power plant produces emissions of danger on the fuel, the coal mining process may generate hazardous gases. These harmful gases can pose a threat to mine workers and a source of air pollution. Besides coal mining damaging the existing vegetation, destroys the genetic soil profile, replacing the genetic profile of the soil, destroying wildlife and habitat, air quality degradation, changing land use and to some extent be altering the general topography of the mining area permanently.
source : nu.or.id
By : Prof. M. Suyanto
In his book, SQ: Spiritual Intelligence-The Ultimate Intelligence, Danah Zohar and Ian Marshall told about a Mexican American businessmen and fishermen. American businessmen praised the fisherman and asked him how long it takes to catch it. Mexican fisherman replied, "Just a minute". Employers Amerikaitu asked again "Why did you not stay at sea for longer in order to get more fish?". "This fish is sufficient to meet family needs me," replied the fisherman. "But, what do you do with the rest?" Asked the American businessman. Mexican fisherman answered "I sleep late, fish a little, play with my kids, sleeping with istaya, stroll into the village every night to sip wine and play guitar with my friends. I have a life full and busy and Senior ".
American businessman scoffed, "I am a Harvard MBA and could help you. You should use more time to catch fish. With the profits from it, you can buy a bigger boat. From the bigger boat you could buy several boats again. In the end, you will have a fleet of fishing boats. Instead of selling the catch to the middleman, you can sell directly to the fish processing factory, and finally, you can open your own cannery business. You would control the product, processing, and distribution. Later, you have to leave this small coastal village and move to Mexico City, then to Los Angeles, and finally, to New York, and you will be running his own company that is growing. "Then nelaya Mexicans ask," But the senior, how long the time required for this? ". American businessman replied "Fifteen to twenty-five years". "Then after that what, Senior?" Asked the fisherman. American businessman laughed and said that this was the best part. "If the time is right, you will mensual lepada public company's stock and became very wealthy. You will make millions. "" Millions of Senior. Then what? ". American businessman said: "Then you would retire. Move to a small beach town so you can sleep late, fish a little, play with the kids, enjoying a nap with his wife, stroll into the village at night and sip wine and play guitar with friends. "
According to Danah Zohar and Ian Marshall, enterpreneur foolish American in the story spiritually, while fishing Mexico's spiritually intelligent. The fishermen have an intelligent understanding of his own purpose it deems important, his own deepest motivations. She underwent a lifestyle that can meet the needs of himself or his family, he took the time to the things that mattered to him, he felt at peace, he centralized. Instead American businessman, the son of a stupid culture spiritually, ambitious, he must accomplish something for the sake of the achievement itself, contact with life which gives a deep motivation, he has absorbed the ideals of the meaningless, only the ideals he learned at Harvard. The fisherman will likely live longer and die peacefully, while the employers will have a heart attack, died with feelings of sadness, because it failed to achieve its goals.
Level of spiritual intelligence is a new Mexican low level of spiritual intelligence, which is meaningful bari himself and his family. The second level of spiritual intelligence is meaningful to the community and the highest meaningful to God, which lives solely to serve God.
Prophet Muhammad divided his time into three parts. Third for his Lord, one third to one-third to community and family. Aisha r.a. said: "The Prophet s.a.w. wake up to pray night broke his leg, so I scolded: Why do that when God has forgive you of sin is past and future? "answered the Prophet" Would not be a servant is only fitting that I thank Him. "
In meminpin deeply loved companions of the Prophet Muhammad. God made him as the leader of those who passed and those terkhir. God makes his companions as his best friend of the Prophet. "The best of my Ummah are those who love you, and you love them. And the worst of my people are the people curse you, and you curse them "words of the Prophet. Last words before his death was "my people ... .. my people" because he was so love the people.
Rasululah s.a.w. like to invite bersenda-joked with his wife and follow their way of thinking according to their degree of reason and morality in action. Messenger s.a.w. loves his children, often greet them when on the road and play with them. Husin Hasan and grandson often backs up the Prophet in prayer and the Prophet is not disturbed children who were agile. Often grandson of the Prophet kissed it. In the household of the Prophet said: "My house is like heaven to me".
source : msuyanto.com
